There's plenty of guides out there on how to make this migration, but they all seem to be missing at least a few important points. For the most part I followed this guide which has links to all of the required tools. Here's the list of issues that I faced that were not covered in that article:
1. Convert-VHD would not recognize by vmdk file. Ultimately I ended up finding this article which proposed an alternate command: ConvertTo-MvmcVirtualHardDisk. This worked as described in the original article.
2. The original article is a little vague on which lines might need to be commented out in the "desc.txt" file that is created. I ultimately ended up needing to comment out these:
#ddb.uuid.image="8ce66459-16da-4a18-a56b-6149a49e0de3"
#ddb.uuid.parent="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"
#ddb.uuid.modification="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"
#ddb.uuid.parentmodification="00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000"
3. Once those issues were resolved, I had a new vhdx that I was able to attach to a new Hyper-V VM. Unfortunately it wouldn't boot. On a normal boot the VM would hang at the graphical boot screen for a few minutes, then fail and dump to the dracut recovery shell. A look at journalctl indicated that this was because none of the disks were found. A lot of articles on this issue recommend rebuilding the initramfs by rebooting and choosing the "rescue" option on the GRUB boot menu. I did find that the rescue option would boot, but unfortunately rebuilding initramfs with: dracut --force didn't seem to have any effect. Luckily the nice folks on freenode IRC #centos pointed me in the right direction: my virtualbox VM had the guest additions installed still! This article explains how to remove the vbox guest additions, but basically just run the installer again with the uninstall argument:
sudo sh /media/VBOXADDITIONS_4.1.10_76795/VBoxLinuxAdditions.run uninstall
Obviously hyper-v has no menu item to mount the guest additions CD, but the .iso can be found at:
C:\Program Files\Oracle\VirtualBox\VBoxGuestAdditions.iso
Once that was uninstalled, one final reboot and... bob's your uncle!